This conundrum – does hypnosis have a real, physical basis, or not? Important shifts were happening elsewhere, however.įirst of all, the centre of hypnotic gravity moved from Europe to America, where all the most significant breakthroughs of the 2. Century, although in some ways, hypnosis became imprisoned by its own respectability, as it became mired in endless academic debate about “state” or “non- state”. Thanks to their persistence and efforts, by the end of the century hypnosis was accepted as a valid clinical technique, studied and applied in the great universities and hospitals of the day. Surgeons and physicians like John Elliotson and James Esdaille pioneered its use in the medical field, risking their reputation to do so, whilst researchers like James Braid began to peel away the obscuring layers of mesmerism, revealing the physical and biological truths at the heart of the phenomenon. Century is characterised by individuals seeking to understand and apply its effects. Nevertheless, the stubborn fact remained that hypnosis worked, and the 1. Inevitably, these magical trappings led to Mesmer’s downfall, and for a long time, hypnotism was a dangerous interest to have for anybody looking for a mainstream career. The popular image of the hypnotist as a charismatic and mystical figure can be firmly dated to this time. He was also fond of dressing up in a cloak and playing ethereal music on the glass harmonica whilst this was happening. Mesmer himself, for instance, liked to perform mass inductions by having his patients linked together by a rope, along which his “animal magnetism” could pass. It was still a very ritualistic practice. Mesmer was also the first to develop a consistent method for hypnosis, which was passed on to and developed by his followers. Mesmer was the first to propose a rational basis for the effects of hypnosis.Īlthough we now know that his notion of “animal magnetism”, transferred from healer to patient through a mysterious etheric fluid, is hopelessly wrong, it was firmly based on scientific ideas current at the time, in particular Isaac Newton’s theories of gravitation. The work of Franz Mesmer, amongst others, can be seen as both the last flourish of “occult” hypnosis and the first flourish of the “scientific” viewpoint. Century (coinciding with the Enlightenment and the Age of Reason). From a Western point of view, the decisive moment in the history of hypnosis occurred in the 1. It’s important to remember, however, that what we see as occultism was the scientific establishment of its day, with exactly the same purpose as modern science – curing human ills and increasing knowledge. These practices tend to be for magical or religious purposes, such as divination or communicating with gods and spirits.
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Recorded history is full of tantalising glimpses of rituals and practices that look very much like hypnosis from a modern perspective, from the “healing passes” of the Hindu Vedas to magical texts from ancient Egypt. Those who believe that hypnosis can be used to perform miracles or control minds are, of course, simply sharing the consensus view that prevailed for centuries. 1st century, there are still those who see hypnosis as some form of occult power. The history of hypnosis, then, is really the history of this change in perception. On the other hand, it’s only in the last few decades that we’ve come to realise that! Hypnosis itself hasn’t changed for millennia, but our understanding of it and our ability to control it has changed quite profoundly. Like breathing, hypnosis is an inherent and universal trait, shared and experienced by all human beings since the dawn of time.
On the one hand, a history of hypnosis is a bit like a history of breathing. The history of hypnosis is full of contradictions.
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